Incidents of the Life of a Slave Girl - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2096 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Harriet Jacobs Essay Did you like this example? In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harriet Jacobs writes, Slavery is terrible for men; but it is far more terrible for women (64). Jacobs work presents the evils of slavery as being worse in a womans case due to the tenets of gender identity. Jacobs elucidates the disparity between societal dictates of what the proper roles were for Nineteenth century women and the manner that slavery prevented a woman from fulfilling these roles. The book illustrates the double standard of for white women versus black women. Harriet Jacobs serves as an example of the female slaves desire to maintain the prescribed virtues but how her circumstances often prevented her from practicing. Expectations of the women of the era, as stated in class discussions, resided in four arenas: piety, purity, domesticity and obedience. The conditions that the female slave lived in were opposed to the standards and virtues set by society. It resulted in the female slave being refused what was consider ed the identity of womanhood. It was another manner in which slavery attempted to eradicate the slaves value of themselves. Jacobs continually struggled to maintain these female virtues. Her belief in the ideas of piety, purity, domesticity and is highlighted in her admiration of one rare, benevolent mistress, The young lady was very pious She taught her slaves to lead pure lives The eldest daughter of the slave mother was promised in marriage to a free man; and the day before the wedding this good mistress emancipated her, in order that her marriage might have the sanction of law. (43) Piety was one of the subscribed to virtues. However, in order for one to be pious and obtain religious insight, it would be necessary to read the Bible. This would be an obstacle for the overwhelming majority of slave women as illiteracy was prevalent, Jacobs wrote, . .. it was contrary to the law; and that slaves were whipped and imprisoned for teaching each other to read (61). As Jacobs knew how to read and write, illiteracy was not an impediment. Yet, slaves were forbidden to meet in their own churches, another catch for the female slave attempting to keep the virtue of piety. Jacobs writes of the difficulties the slaves had in obtaining religious instruction after the Nat Turner insurrection, The slaves begged the privilege of again meeting at their little church Their request was denied (57). A slave would only be allowed to practice the religion of their masters, . .. the slaveholders came to the conclusion that it would be well to give the slaves enough of religious instruction to keep them from murdering their masters (57). A typical sermon would consist of Servants, be obedient to them that are your masters (57), this type of sermon had less to do with a womans piety than a slaves obedience. Nevertheless, Jacobs exhibits piety in many fashions, despite these disadvantages. When services begin in the home of a free colored man, Jacobs was invited to attend as she could read, regardless of the risk to herself Sunday evening came and, trusting to the cover of night, I ventured out (57). Jacobs practiced piety as the dictates of the period demanded at a great risk to her safety. She taught a man to read the bible and begs of missionaries to recognize the need to instruct slaves in biblical studies. (61). Jacobs did not only speak of piety, but through these examples, but put it into action and could fulfill this one aspect of the female gender identity. The practice of purity was the virtue most denied to a woman in slavery. Men of society constructed the conventions, established the importance of purity in women. Purity was praised and rewarded in free white women and stolen from black slave women. The system worked against protection of slave women from sexual abuse by their masters. Sexual abuse of slave was not viewed as a criminal offense because she did not count as a woman. Rather, she was property of the owner, who could dispo se of her body and he saw fit. Jacobs master explicitly stated, He told me I was his property; that I must be subject to his will in all things (26). Sexual harassment was taken as a matter of course, I now entered my fifteenth year, a sad epoch in the life of a slave girl (26). Sadly, sexual abuse was accepted almost as a rite of passage for a female slave, that at a certain age, her purity would be stolen. A female slave could not expect to find safe harbor even from the other woman of the house, The mistress, who ought to protect the helpless victim, has no other feelings towards her but those of jealousy and outrage (26). As opposed to acting on behalf of the female slaves, the mistress saw the slave as the problem. Without any assistance, Jacobs consistently attempted to thwart her masters sexual attempts in order retain her purity. Importance of this purity is highlighted in the passage describing her rebellion to build a separate house where he could be alone with her, I vowed before my make that I would never enter it. I had rather toil on the plantation from dawn till dark; I had rather live and die in jail, than drag on from day to day, through such a living death. (46). Jacobs viewed the preservation of purity as passionately as any woman but slavery had placed her in circumstances that left her its certain loss. Enslaved women could not even maintain purity if subscribing to the idea of sexual relations occurring within a marriage, as it was typically denied by law or the owner. Jacobs had fallen in love with a free black man We became mutually attached, and he proposed to marry me. I loved him with all the ardor of a young girls first love. But when I reflected that I was a slave, and that the laws gave no sanction to the marriage of such 33) Jacobs is denied marriage to her lover by her owner, Never let me hear that fellows name mentioned again. If I ever know of your speaking to him, I will cowhide you both Ill teach you a lesson about marriage free niggers! (35-36). However, Jacobs will not allow it to totally destroy her sense of self as a woman. While she has suffered abuse and harassment and the hands of Dr. Flint, Jacobs remained determined that Flint would not succeed at last in trampling his victim under his feet,(46). As she is not permitted purity, Jacobs decided to take a white lover. If she were to be forced to give up her purity it would be at least . .. to a man who is not married It seems less degrading to give ones self, that to submit to compulsion (47). The quotes show Jacobs recognition of the sanctity of marriage has well certain personal standards. Jacobs possesses a sense of self, she feels that she deserves to choose her own lover. Regarding her lover she wrote, There is something akin to freedom in having a lover who has no control over you except that which he gains by kindness The wrong does not seem so great with an unmarried man, as with one who has a wife to be made unhappy (47). Jacobs used her own sexuality as a defense, since keeping her physical purity, a right to other women, had been denied to her. By choosing an unattached man, Jacobs explains that does retain a certain moral purity, as much as could be allowed in her situation The denial of a legal marriage and own a home with him ruled out the possibility for domesticity virtue to be achieved. The women in slavery were not married and living with their own husband and children. The master often used the female slave for breeding, the children taken from the mother and sold. Jacobs poignantly narrates this destruction of family through New Years Day auction of slaves, On one of these sale days, I saw a mother lead seven children to the auction-block. She knew that some of them would be taken from her; but they took all. The children were sold to a slave-trader, and their mother was bought by a man in her own town. Before night her children were all far away. I met that mother in the street, and her wild, haggard face lives to-day in my mind. She wrung her hands in anguish, and exclaimed, Gone! All gone! Why dont God kill me? I had no words wherewith to comfort her. Instances of this kind are of daily, yea, of hourly occurrence. (17) How could the female slave possibly exhibit domesticity in a system where such constructs were not permitted to her? Women in bondage lived in a society where their offspring were not their own, as children . .. follow the condition of the mother (37), they were but the property of the master to be taken and sold at his discretion. While domesticity was highly regarded for the white women, this was not applicable to a black slave my mistress, like many others, seemed to think that slaves had no right to any family ties (33). Yet, domesticity was one of the values that Jacobs most strove to maintain. She had the experience of a traditional family earlier in life speaking of how she had . .. lived together in a comfortable home; and, though we were all slaves, I was so fondly shielded that I never dreamed I was a piece of merchandise (9). Other black women apparently esteemed domesticity, as Aunt Marthy stated Ah, my child, . Stand by your own children, and suffer with them till death. Nobody respects a mother who forsakes her children; and if you leave them, you will never have a happy moment (75). Family and the attempt to preserve some sort of domestic was supreme. Jacobs viewed her refuge in the garret as a means to keep some semblance of domesticity and family life by being near her children. She suffered in seclusion for seven years, residing in the garret that . .. was only nine feet long and seven wide. The highest part was three feet high (91). Jacobs did in the name of family, in yearning for domesticity, for through all her discomfiture she was able to take solace and even joy in at least being able to be near her children, But I was not comfortless. I heard the voices of my children (92). Jacobs pa ins illustrate how strong of a desire for the domestic family life that was denied. Even after obtaining freedom for her children and herself, she writes, The dream of my life is not yet realized. I do not sit with my children in a home of my own. I still long for a hearthstone of my own (156). A traditional family life remained Jacobs most desiderate dream which she partially obtained in her freedom, but not in the same manner that a white woman could enjoy. The one aspect of the ideal Nineteenth century female that most slave women were able to achieve was that of obedience. It was not the same obedience that the free woman was expected to subscribe to it was not obedience to her husband, God or family, but slave woman was expected full, unquestioning obedience to her master. This obedience was achieved by physical force and the slaves knowledge that they were nothing more than property. Obedience was the dictate Jacobs rebelled against. After the refusal of her request for ma rriage Jacobs recognizes her insolence to her master, I know I have been disrespectful, sir ut you drove me to it (35). Jacobs could not acquiesce when such an action would be the complete destruction of her body and soul. The institution of slavery was complete subservience and annihilation of a female slave as an individual being. To practice that kind of obedience, to be submissive, would be certain death to Jacobs, whether in the physical or spiritual sense. Jacobs disobedience occurred when her piety, purity and domesticity where threatened. Instead, Jacobs exhorted obedience to the precept of morality. Moreover, she adhered to obedience of what was considered moral and just for white women. The prescribed of ideas of what construed womanhood in the 1800s surrounded a purity, piety, domesticity and obedience. Those were most of the characteristics that were not permitted for the female slave to practice or acquire. Examining the experiences of Harriet Jacobs in Incidents of the Life of a Slave Girl, one witnesses that while Jacobs desired to practice the dictates of her time slavery forced her to often do otherwise Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Incidents of the Life of a Slave Girl" essay for you Create order

Should Advertising Directed At Children Be Restricted Essay

Should Advertising Directed at Children Be Restricted? The children are our next generation, they are our future. As parents and guardians to children, we do our very best to protect, help guide in the right direction, and sculpt the next generation to be able to make rational and good judgements throughout their lives. In today’s society, companies market their products everywhere, technology is the new advances to our future. We all desire the new trends, like 3D televisions, video games, social media applications, and within all these products are advertisements. On tablets, telephones, and websites, free applications make money by allowing advertisements to be placed on their sites. So as you are playing a game on your device, very 2 minutes some form of advertisement pops up on your screen, unless you make a payment to stop pop-ups. Children in this generation know more about how to use a telephone or tablet than their parents or grandparents. Consequently, it is likely that they own one of these devises before they be come a teenager, which means they are exposed to many advertisements at a young age. Stephanie Clifford believe that there is a thin line between advertisements towards children. She believed that, â€Å"children do not have the fully developed cognitive skills necessary for making such an informed decision.† (Taking Sides, Page 161) Stephanie believes that children can be easily manipulated at a young age. You can easily influence children with anShow MoreRelatedEthics of Advertising1230 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Advertising is a tremendous and powerful way of providing silent information as to how consumers should interact and present themselves. From the ethics class, we realize that the messages help us to see the meaning and possibilities in the things we purchase. It also helps consumers to liberate the direct meaning that lie below the surface of the products. For example, the Volkswagen advertisements have turned the automobile company into a social statement. Advertising has become aRead MoreNegative Effects Of Advertising On Children1261 Words   |  6 Pagesadvertisements. Children are especially vulnerable to the negative effects from advertising as many argue they are unable to decipher media content from an advertisement. The center for disease control reports that the obesity rates in children ranging from 2-11 has more than doubled in recent years. The majority of the research for this critique comes from the United States but can be applied to nations with similar media expos ure like Canada. One predicted cause of the increase of obesity in children is dueRead MoreRestrictions on Advertising Aimed Towards Children641 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Marketing towards children should have some form of restriction. A number of ethical perspectives confirms this fact, which is well elucidated in Stephanie Cliffords A Fine Line When Ads and Children Mix which ran in the New York Times. The basic premise for why there needs to be restrictions on advertising aimed towards children is that children do not have the cognitive prowess or development to distinguish between clever marketing and items of consumption that they actually need. This factRead MoreFood Advertising2479 Words   |  10 Pageshealth in developed world today is childhood obesity, and this is predominant in Canada and the United States. The level of childhood obesity in Canada has increased enormously over the past decades. It was reported that over 26 per cent of Canadian children between ages o f 6 to 17 years are overweight or obese which is approximately two times higher the rates three decades ago (Kent, Dubois, Wanless, 2013). There are various chronic health problems that are related to childhood obesity which seemsRead MoreToys Should Not Be Gender Biased Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesJenny Holzer, that urges parents as well as people to raise children without a heavy influence of gender stereotypes and let the child discover how they want to represent themselves. A large divide between little boys and girls is shown in the toy industry. The retail chain Target recognized the influence of the gender bias toys and the impact they have on children and parents and began neutralizing labels within the toy department. Toys should not be gender biased because gender stereotyping has waveredRead MoreAdvertisement and Food1818 Words   |  7 Pagesis a social process by individuals and groups of people get what they need and what they want through creating, offering and negotiating free products and services of value with others†. However, actuality, the intense marketing of food toward the children, in fact, have offered what they need? What a child needs to eat when the question is what kind of food? There is the possibility of a child, too young, that does not have a defined taste, who can not tell exactly what they are eating and also theyRead More5. Based on Your Response to Question 4 Above, Recommend Both a Short-Range and Long-Range Plan for Mcdonald’s to Implement.1196 Words   |  5 Pages. How should McDonalds respond when ads promoting healthy lifestyles featuring Ronald McDonald are equated with Joe camel and cigarette ads? Should McDonaldss eliminate Ronald McDonald in its ads? Eliminating Ronald McDonald, who is the brand mascot, is not the solution. Rather many people connect with Ronald McDonald emotionally. According to a survey, Ronald is among top 25 mascots of all times. (Top survey, 2007) Ronald McDonalds can visit to schools for educating students about the importanceRead MoreObesity And Over Eating Habits1657 Words   |  7 Pages ABSTRACT According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), â€Å"the rate of obesity among adults and children have doubled since the 1980s† and â€Å"approximately one-third of the US adult population and nearly one-fifth of children between the ages of 2-19 are classified as obese†. The government can take a different stance to reverse this issue by redirecting subsidies to food companies influencing the food market, promoting a preventativeRead MoreAdvertising Sales Promotion on Cement Industry1548 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT ADVERTISING amp; SALES PROMOTION CEMENT INDUSTRY PROF. ANAND DESAI SATISHKUMAR BIRADAR Roll no 07 (MMM IV) The cement industry has come a long way since 1914 when the first cement plant was set up at Porbandar. In the past, the governments regulation restricted the growth of the Indian cement industry. The removal of these controls resulted in rapid progress in terms of new capacity creation and higher production. As of March 2012, the country had an installed cement capacity of aroundRead More Restricting Tobacco Advertising Essay2029 Words   |  9 PagesRestricting Tobacco Advertising   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should tobacco advertising be restricted? This is a very controversial issue. There is the idea that young children that smoke started smoking because of advertisements, but there is also the idea that children start smoking for other reasons. Many big, well-known tobacco companies like RJ Reynolds are being sued for their advertisements. On Monday April 20th, 1998 the jury heard a testimony from Lynn Beasly, the marketing vice president of the RJ Reynolds

Ethnic Autobiography About Self Free Essays

A Rasin in the Sun Act II, Scene I Later on the same Saturday, Beneatha emerges from her room cloaked in the Nigerian clothes that Asagai has brought her. She dances around the apartment, claiming to be performing a tribal dance while shouting â€Å"OCOMOGOSIAY† and singing. Ruth finds Beneatha’s pageantry silly and questions her about it. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Autobiography About Self or any similar topic only for you Order Now Meanwhile, Walter returns home drunk. He sees Beneatha all dressed up and acts out some made-up tribal rituals with her, at one point standing on a table and pronouncing himself â€Å"Flaming Spear. † Ruth looks on wearily. George Murchison arrives to pick up Beneatha. Beneatha removes her headdress to reveal that she has cut off most of her hair, leaving only an unstraightened afro. Everyone is shocked, amazed, and slightly disappointed with Beneatha, prompting a fierce discussion between Beneatha and George about the importance of their African heritage. Beneatha goes to change for the theater, and Walter talks to George about business plans. George does not seem interested. Walter then becomes belligerent as he makes fun of George’s white shoes. Embarrassed, Ruth explains that the white shoes are part of the â€Å"college style. George obviously looks down on Walter—calling him â€Å"Prometheus†Ã¢â‚¬â€and Walter gets even angrier at him. George and Beneatha finally leave, and Ruth and Walter then begin to fight about Walter going out, spending money, and interacting with people like Willy Harris. They do begin to make up, though, by acknowledging that a great distance has grown between them. Mama comes home and announces t hat she has put a down payment on a house with some of the insurance money. Ruth is elated to hear this news because she too dreams of moving out of their current apartment and into a more respectable home. Meanwhile, Walter is noticeably upset because he wants to put all the money into the liquor store venture. They all become worried when they hear that the house is in Clybourne Park, an entirely white neighborhood. Mama asks for their understanding—it was the only house that they could afford. She feels she needs to buy the house to hold the family together. Ruth regains her pleasure and rejoices, but Walter feels betrayed, his dream swept under the table. Walter makes Mama feel guilty, saying that she has crushed his dream. He goes quickly to his bedroom, and Mama remains sitting and worrying. Act II, Scenes II On a Friday night a few weeks later, Beneatha and George return from a date. The Youngers’ apartment is full of moving boxes. George wants to kiss Beneatha, but she does not want to kiss. Rather, she wants to engage George in a conversation about the plight of African-Americans. It seems that George wants to marry a â€Å"nice . . . simple . . . sophisticated girl. † Mama comes in as Beneatha kicks him out. Mama asks if she had a good time with George, and Beneatha tells her that George is a â€Å"fool. † Mama replies, â€Å"I guess you better not waste your time with no fools. Beneatha appreciates her mother’s support. Mrs. Johnson—the Youngers’ neighbor—visits. Mama and Ruth offer her food and drink, and she gladly accepts. She has come to visit to tell them about a black family who has been bombed out of their home in a white neighborhood. She is generally insensitive and unable to speak in a civil manner. She pre dicts that the Youngers will also be scared out of the all-white neighborhood once they move in and insults much of the family by calling them a â€Å"proud-acting bunch of colored folks. † She then quotes Booker T. Washington, a famous African-American thinker and assimilationist. A frustrated and angered Mama retaliates by calling him a â€Å"fool. † Mrs. Johnson leaves the apartment. Walter’s boss calls, telling Ruth that Walter has not been to work in three days. Walter explains that he has been wandering all day (often way into the country) and drinking all night (at a bar with a jazz duo that he loves). He says that he feels depressed, despondent, and useless as the man of the family. He feels that his job is no better than a slave’s job. Mama feels guilty for his unhappiness and tells him that she has never done anything to hurt her children. She gives him the remaining $6,500 of the insurance money, telling him to deposit $3,000 for Beneatha’s education and to keep the last $3,500. With this money, Mama says, Walter should become—and should act like he has become—the head of the family. Walter suddenly becomes more confident and energized. He talks to Travis about his plans, saying that he is going to â€Å"make a transaction† that will make them rich. Walter’s excitement builds as he describes his dream of their future house and cars, as well as Travis’s potential college education. How to cite Ethnic Autobiography About Self, Papers

Ilm M4.01 free essay sample

Managers have subordinates – people who operate at levels below the managers’. 10 In summary10 Leadership and Adaptability10 4. Communication and interpersonal relationships11 4. 1 Explanation11 4. 2 Barriers11 5. Development opportunities12 5. 1 Personal style14 5. 2 Personal development16 M4. 01: Understanding the management role (Work based assignment) 1. Introduction 1. 1 My Role – Principle Desktop Engineer †¢ Medway Council. The council employs around 7,000 people in a wide variety of general and specialist roles. Staff are based in the two main offices: Gun Wharf Chatham Maritime and Civic Centre in Strood. As well as in schools, social services centres and leisure, countryside, heritage and arts centres. †¢ My role within the organisation is Principle Desktop Engineer. I currently have a team of 8 engineers and an apprentice. †¢ The main purpose of the job is to manage the desktop engineer team, providing an effective and efficient desktop service to Medway Council. A full Job description (JDQ) is listed at appendix 1. 2. Medway Council[1] Medway Council is a unitary council responsible for providing services, including education and social services, in Rochester, Strood, Chatham, Gillingham, Rainham, the nearby rural areas and the Hoo Peninsula. The council also ensures that people comply with regulations, supports business and tourism in Medway and works to include everyone and regenerate the area. Services People who need services can find information on our website or at the council’s main offices, the town centre contact points as well as in local papers and radio and in the free magazine for residents, Medway Matters. You can also pay online for many services, including council tax, rent and parking fines and also complain if services are not up to your expectations. Decisions Decisions about our services are made after asking people for their views about, for example, what core values should underpin decisions and much more. Councillors make decisions about everything from refuse collection to regeneration of the area. It is their job to ensure that services are provided cost effectively, where they are needed and without discrimination. Council meetings are publicised in advance and members of the public are welcome to attend. Partnership Working in partnership with others to tackle problems effectively and campaign is co-ordinated through the Local Strategic Partnership and set out in the community plan. Other examples of partnership working are the Children and Young Peoples Partnership and Community Safety Partnership (CSP). Employer As an employer of around 7,000 people, Medway Council offers full and part-time career opportunities. 2. 1 The council’s vision †¢ The Council’s vision for Medway is that Medway will be thriving, confident and healthy, a place where people are proud to live, work and learn. There will be opportunities for everyone to achieve and succeed, and to get the most out of life. We will celebrate the diversity of our communities, tackling disadvantage in all its forms. The local economy will grow an increasing number and range of jobs created by the expansion of existing businesses and the attraction of new ones. With a University for Medway offering opportunities for all local people, we will have a highly educated and skilled workforce, able to meet the needs of employers. Economic prosperity and progress will not however, be achieved at the expense of the environment. People living in Medway will enjoy a high quality of life, with decent, affordable housing. There will be a responsive transport system, helping to reduce traffic congestion. We will improve the environment and maintain it for future generations. †¢ This can only be achieved through the participation of all – the community, the Council, businesses and others sharing ambition and responsibility. We will listen to local people and jointly take pride in improving the place where we live. Networks of voluntary groups working with local people will be encouraged. Medway Council will provide high quality services, always working to improve value for money. Over and above this the Council will consult and involve local people so that decisions are taken on spending limited resources together. The Council will co-coordinate partnerships across boundaries to achieve common objectives. Medway Council will seek to set an example as a good and fair employer. †¢ Medway matters â €“ there is no limit to what we can achieve. Working together we will shape the future of Medway and create an environment of flourishing communities with people who fulfil their potential. . 2 Organisational structure The council is made up of two directorates: †¢ Children and Adults †¢ Regeneration, Community and Culture An additional partnership with NHS Medway includes: †¢ The Public Health Directorate An organisational chart can be found at appendix 2 with a management role table at appendix 3. 2. 2. 1 Functional areas and managerial roles in relation to its purpose Under the Medway Council Personal Development Review (PDR) there are several personal qualities and attributes (PQAs) which middle managers are assessed against: Commitment to diversity and integrity – promoting and managing diversity and demonstrating a fair and ethical approach in all situations †¢ Openness to change – proactively supporting change, seeking opportunities to pr omote improved organizational effectiveness †¢ Confidence and resilience – consistently projecting and promoting a confident, controlled and focused attitude in highly challenging situations †¢ Working with others – leading, involving and motivating others both within Medway and in the community †¢ Effective communication – communicating effectively oth orally and in writing †¢ Commitment to development – committed and able to develop self, individuals and teams to improve organisational effectiveness †¢ Problem solving – understanding and applying relevant information to make appropriate decisions which reflect key priorities and requirements †¢ Situational awareness – maintaining an active awareness of the environment to promote safe and effective working †¢ Commitment to excellence – leading groups to achieve excellence by the establishment, maintaining and managing performance requirements †¢ Planning and implementing – creating and implementing effective plans to deliver a range of organizational objectives †¢ Political/organizational awareness – recognizing the potential political impact and implications of actions from a strategic perspective These are primarily for operational staff but there is an expectation that all middle managers fulfil these roles. 2. 3 Stakeholders and their objectives A stakeholder is any individual or organisation that is affected by the activities of a business. They may have a direct or indirect interest in the business, and may be in contact with the business on a daily basis, or may just occasionally. Our main stake holders are: †¢ Members – they are elected, accountable and drive values and activities. †¢ Staff – they will be interested in job security and pay. †¢ Agencies – Shools, NHS, Housing, Police, Highways, Waste and Building Control. †¢ Other authorities – SE7, a partnership of seven councils that have committed to working together to improve quality of services and to achieve savings. Stakeholders have an interest in the company but do not own it. I would suggest that most people would say the public would be the main stakeholder as the end-user. However there is a stakeholder matrix which is used to assess how much power and influence they have to an organisation. Using this then influences how much attention/priority the organisation should allocate to each. [pic] 3. The role of management in achieving goals To achieve its goals and ensure that the stakeholder’s interests are continually analysed and met, the council employs middle managers. The council goals can only be achieved if everyone works as a team and supports the council vision and values. Middle managers are an important component of this team. Middle managers have a responsibility within the organisation to implement at an operational level, the policy and programs set out by the senior managers and directors. They have a strong impact on the outcome of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction and the efficiency and development of the organisation. Middle managers within the company also act as role models who interpret and represent the company; they communicate and track the different goals and policies ensuring information flows up as well as down. 3. 1 Responsibilities of middle managers Middle managers relay strategic objections from senior managers to their subordinates. They set local targets, review and evaluate, and report back to senior managers. Communication is therefore crucial in the organisation to ensure everyone fully understands their roles and responsibilities. Middle managers play an important role in promulgating information to their staff from senior managers in an appropriate manner and understandable language to ensure duties are carried out efficiently and effectively, as we have a duty as â€Å"public servants† to provide value for money. In essence they make it â€Å"real†. Various systems are in place to enable middle managers to provide evaluation on targets to senior managers, and provide data for Best Value Performance Indicators (BVPIs). Adair’s Action Centred Leadership model can be used to show how middle managers can show achievement towards the organisation’s goals: By Achieving the Task By Developing the Team By Developing Individuals Importantly as well, Adair set out these core functions of leadership and says they are vital to the Action Centred Leadership model: Planning seeking information, defining tasks, setting aims †¢ Initiating briefing, task allocation, setting standards †¢ Controlling maintaining standards, ensuring progress, on-going decision-making †¢ Supporting individuals contributions, encouraging, team spirit, reconciling, morale †¢ Informing clarifying tasks and plans, updating, receiving feedback and interpreting †¢ Evaluating feasibility of ideas, performance, enabling self assessment Following training, Medway Council middle managers are involved in recruiting staff, conduct appraisals and performance management and absence management, in accordance with service procedures. Middle managers are specialists within their department or team. . 3. 2 Leadership/Management styles How you talk to your staff, how you motivate, how you delegate, how you solve problems and how you make decisions will depend on you view your role as a manager or as a leader. The table at appendix 4 lists the different styles. 3. 3 To lead or to manage You need both. The old proverb says that leadership is doing the right thing; management is doing things right. The difference between the two is not as sharp as the saying would suggest, and both are required for effective corporate growth: leadership risk creates opportunities while management strictness turns them into tangible results. If your organization is not on a journey dont bother about leadership just settle for management advises John Adair. There is a direct correlation between the way people view their managers and the way they perform† [2] Leadership vs. Management What is the difference between management and leadership? The biggest difference between managers and leaders is the way they motivate the people who work or follow them, and this sets the tone for most other aspects of what they do. Many people are both. They have management jobs, but they realize that you cannot buy hearts, especially to follow them down a difficult path, and so act as leaders too. Managers have subordinates – people who operate at levels below the managers’. Leaders have followers, leaders do not have subordinates at least not when they are leading. Many organizational leaders do have subordinates, but only because they are also managers. But when they want to lead, they have to give up formal authoritarian control, because to lead is to have followers, and following is always a voluntary activity. In summary The table at appendix 5 summarizes the differences between being a leader and being a manager. This is, of course, an illustrative characterisation, and there is a whole spectrum between either end of these scales along which each person can range. Leadership and Adaptability We know that what will inspire or motivate one staff member, will not inspire or motivate another; managers therefore need to be adaptable in their responses to staff. 4. Communication and interpersonal relationships 4. 1 Explanation[3] Interpersonal communication is a crucial part of your everyday life, yet you probably rarely think about the way in which you interact with other individuals. DeVito defines interpersonal communications as â€Å"communication that takes place between two persons who have an established relationship; the people are in some way ‘connected’ Thus, as interpersonal communication can occur between romantic partners, business associates, doctors and patients, etc. , it permeates our lives. Often, you devote your interpersonal interactions to attempts at influencing the other individual in some way. 4. 2 Barriers One thing Ive seen as an inhibitor is people like to communicate in different ways. So as a manager, we need to really seek to understand for each person, what they prefer. Some may like short 1-1 sessions that focus on quick communication of facts. Some may like longer communication sessions and be comfortable talking about personal life. Some may want weekly 1-1s, some bi-weekly. Trying to tailor the communication style in personal interactions is important. Another inhibitor Ive seen is globally dispersed teams where communication can often take the form of instant message conversations and emails. I find that at least on occasion, suggesting a quick 5 minute call to cover something can really be of value allows a more personal level of communication and can also allow for off topic communication which can help people connect. Management is based on communication but being able to transfer that into drivers, performance, motivation and sustainability needs leadership and empowerment skills. It is the basis of trust building. You can give someone a reprimand or praise and even both over a coffee and with genuine commitment you have a strong bond to build on. It converts into motivation when focused right. Its not just about communicating its about several crucial interplays of trust, motivation, inspiration, support and leadership. The main barriers we come across are solved on a trust related basis. Even a simple barrier like arriving late for work is a mountain without trust. Bottom line is each team player is different respect will give you the ability to enter and discuss. Trust will aid the action plan then follow up and reward progress mechanisms facilitate team building and mentoring. 5. Development opportunities Every council employee has a PDR covering: †¢ Performance over the last 6/12 months, achieved objectives/targets, areas of good performance. †¢ Areas of performance to be developed further or any other problems or constraints. †¢ Agreed priority objectives/targets for next 12 months (including any Corporate Plan objectives/targets). †¢ Review of development and training over last 12 months. †¢ Agreed future development. †¢ section/department/authority. †¢ Manager’s comments. †¢ Employee’s comments All managers will manage differently as no two people are the same. However if a manager is able to critically appraise their own performance they will be able to identify areas to be developed, or at least to be aware of. The Johari Window (Loft and Hingham) is a widely used model for understanding and training self-awareness, personal development, improving communications, interpersonal relationships, group dynamics, team development and inter-group relationships. [4] [pic] 1. The public area contains things that are openly known and talked about and which may be seen as strengths or weaknesses. This is the self that we choose to share with others 2. The hidden area contains things that others observe that we dont know about. Again, they could be positive or negative behaviours, and will affect the way that others act towards us. 3. The unknown area contains things that nobody knows about us including ourselves. This may be because weve never exposed those areas of our personality, or because theyre buried deep in the subconscious. 4. The private area contains aspects of our self that we know about and keep hidden from others. 5. 1 Personal style The main two styles used by myself now are Negotiating and Facilitating I carried out a self-assessment and had three of staff carry out the assessment for comparison. All four assessments are fairly well balanced showing my main two styles are: Negotiating and Facilitating. Appendix 6 is my self-assessment. Appendix 7 is an assessment by one of my senior engineers. This shows a lower result for Directing and a higher result for Laissez-faire when compared to the other two staff assessments. This person is experienced, knowledgeable and trustworthy and has pride in his work. Appendix 8 is an assessment by one of my junior engineers. This shows an increase in Directing and a small decrease in Laissez-faire. This person is competent but still requires a little coaching at times. Appendix 9 is an assessment by a fairly new member of staff. This shows a significant increase in Directing and a small decrease in Laissez-faire. This person being fairly new to the team still requires Directing while he gets used to the policies and working practices of the organisation. From the assessment results, it is clear that my main two leadership styles are Negotiating and Facilitating, this fits in well with the organisation and is both encouraged and supported by the business. I believe I use the following styles: †¢ Style 1 the directing or telling leader. This style I use on new members of staff and for projects that are high priority and need to be completed by the book. †¢ Style 2 the coaching or selling leader. I use this style when dealing with the every day workloads, I have two senior engineers who manage the internal and external work queues seperately. I leave them to orghanise there own schedule but monitor both queues and expect feed back from them. †¢ Style 3 the supporting or participating leader. I use this style during when I have smaller projects that I can delegate to my engineers knowing that they are fully capable of achieving the goals laid down. †¢ Style 4 the delegating leader. I use this when I delegate more complex projects to my senior engineers knowing that they are fully capable of achieving the goals set out and will seek my advice/approval if any changes are required during the project. 5. 2 Personal development My areas for self improvement would be: 1. Communication, change leadership is enhanced when leaders communicate a little at a time, as often as possible, in as many different ways as possible, and providing as many different perspectives as possible. Once team members have built their own personal model of the future and have checked it out against the reality of what is happening on the ground, so that they can once again begin to make their own decisions, the communication process will have served its purpose. This could be achieved by allowing time for more team meetings to pass on any changes that may be in the pipeline, get an update on how the team feel in general. What has worked – can we improve on current working practices to give an improved and more efficient service to the organisation. What hasn’t worked and why, analyse where the task went wrong and see if it can be avoided in the future, lessons learnt. Finally to give praise/rewards where/if appropriate. 2. Self awareness, more patience with both team members and customers, being an autocratic leader for 20 years leaves its mark. My own personal development plan can be found at appendix 10 Possible organisational improvements: 1. Review working practices on a regular basis and try to improve on them making work more productive, efficient leading to a more effective service to the organisation [pic][pic] [1] Medway Council website [2] Adair, 1997 [3] DeVito, J. A. (2004). The interpersonal communication book, 10th ed. Boston: Pearson-Allyn Bacon. [4] Google Images

There ones was three brothers one of the brothers Essays (379 words)

There ones was three brothers one of the brothers is Winne de P oo h the famous bear of the TV ki ds show and the other is name S horty but his 6'8 and his a body bulder and his not that smar t the last brother his name is B iggy his 4' 3 and his is the smartest of all three. One day at 7pm there was a noc k in the door, bang bang bang , pooh told shorty to go see it is so shorty went to go see how was ate the door shorty picket in the pip hole and the DEA was in the door step dene shorty started to freaked out and went to wacke up P ooh and Biggy and P ooh slap shorty and he slap pooh back pooh said what going on shorty said that the DEA is ate the door dene the DEA nocked door down th ey tackeld Pooh and shorty and B iggy got away to the car and two cops went after them for 2 miles, Shorty said "oh my god I don't go to jail I should've listen to my mom she wanted me to be a doctor but I wanted to get rich fast now the DEA are chasing us'' then Shorty said 'stop being little girl and squirting''. Squirt squirt 'two DEA agents down call the military'' said the DEA behind there car,3 miles past in the radio said RPG water launcher in 200 meters shorty and biggy look at echuder and when they turned the rocket hit the left tier and the car flip over and hit a back yard , the military where approaching so Shorty and Biggy popped the door open .'' BANG ' one of the houses exploded so the brothers jumped the fence during the smoked and rounded to the side of a mobile home and waded till the cops left the area , a military convoyed stopped in front of the mobile home and two military solders jumped out of the convoyed and one of deme said ' search the perimeter ' , Shorty stranded to shake so Biggy said your shacking like a go go dancer tinted up ' and smacked Shorty behind the head

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World

Winning the Vote for Women Around the World When did various nations give all women the right to vote? Many granted suffrage in steps some locales gave the vote for local elections first, or some racial or ethnic groups were excluded until later. Often, the right to stand for election and the right to vote were given at separate times. Full suffrage means that all groups of women were included, and could both vote and run for any office. 1850-1879 1851: Prussian law forbids women from joining political parties or attending meetings where politics is discussed.1869: Britain grants unmarried women who are householders the right to vote in local elections1862/3: Some Swedish women gain voting rights in local elections. 1880-1899 1881: Some Scottish women get the right to vote in local elections.1893: New Zealand grants equal voting rights to women.1894: The United Kingdom expands womens voting rights to married women in local but not national elections.  1895: South Australian women gain voting rights.1899: Western Australian women were granted voting rights.   1900-1909 1901: Women in Australia get the vote, with some restrictions.  1902: Women in New South Wales get the vote.1902: Australia grants more voting rights to women.1906: Finland adopts woman suffrage.1907: Women in Norway are permitted to stand for election.1908: Women in Denmark some women granted local voting rights.1908: Victoria, Australia, grants women voting rights.1909: Sweden grants vote in municipal elections to all women. 1910-1919 1913: Norway adopts full woman suffrage.1915: Women get the vote in Denmark and Iceland.1916: Canadian women in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan get the vote.1917: When the Russian Czar is toppled, the Provisional Government grants universal suffrage with equality for women; later the new Soviet Russian constitution includes full suffrage to women.1917: Women in the Netherlands are granted the right to stand for election.1918: The United Kingdom gives a full vote to some women over 30, with property qualifications or a UK university degree and to all men age 21 and older.1918: Canada gives women the vote in most provinces by federal law. Quebec is not included. Native women were not included.1918: Germany grants women the vote.1918: Austria adopts woman suffrage.1918: Women given full suffrage in Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and Latvia.1918: Russian Federation gives women the right to vote.1921: Azerbaijan grants woman suffrage. (Sometimes given as 1921 or 1917.)1918: Women granted limited voting rights in Ireland. 1919: Netherlands gives women the vote.1919: Woman suffrage is granted in Belarus, Luxembourg, and Ukraine.1919: Women in Belgium granted right to vote.1919: New Zealand allows women to stand for election.1919: Sweden grants suffrage with some restrictions. 1920-1929 1920: On August 26, a constitutional amendment is adopted when the state of Tennessee ratifies it, granting full woman suffrage in all states of the United States.1920: Woman suffrage is granted in Albania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia.1920: Canadian women get the right to stand for election (but not for all offices - see 1929 below).1921: Sweden gives women voting rights with some restrictions.1921: Armenia grants woman suffrage.1921: Lithuania grants woman suffrage.1921: Belgium grants women the right to stand for election.1922: Irish Free State, separating from the UK, gives equal voting rights to women.1922: Burma grants women voting rights.1924: Mongolia, Saint Lucia, and Tajikistan give suffrage to women.1924: Kazakstan gives limited voting rights to women.1925: Italy grants limited voting rights to women.1927: Turkmenistan grants woman suffrage.1928: The United Kingdom grants full equal voting rights to women.1928: Guyana grants woman suffrage.1928: Ireland (as part of the UK) expands womens suffrage rights. 1929: Ecuador grants suffrage, Romania grants limited suffrage.1929: Women found to be persons in Canada and therefore able to become members of the Senate. 1930-1939 1930: White women granted suffrage in South Africa.1930: Turkey grants women the vote.1931: Women get full suffrage in Spain and  Sri Lanka.1931: Chile and Portugal grant suffrage with some restrictions.1932: Uruguay, Thailand and Maldives jump on the woman suffrage bandwagon.1934: Cuba and Brazil adopt woman suffrage.1934: Turkish women are able to stand for election.1934: Portugal grants woman suffrage, with some restrictions.1935: Women gain right to vote in Myanmar.1937: The Philippines grants women full suffrage.1938: Women get the vote in Bolivia.1938: Uzbekistan grants full suffrage to women.1939: El Salvador grants voting rights to women. 1940-1949 1940: Women of Quebec are granted voting rights.1941: Panama grants limited voting rights to women.1942: Women gain full suffrage in the  Dominican Republic.1944: Bulgaria, France and Jamaica grant suffrage to women.1945: Croatia, Indonesia, Italy, Hungary, Japan (with restrictions), Yugoslavia, Senegal, and Ireland enact woman suffrage.1945: Guyana allows women to stand for election.1946: Woman suffrage adopted in Palestine, Kenya, Liberia, Cameroon, Korea, Guatemala, Panama (with restrictions), Romania (with restrictions), Venezuela, Yugoslavia, and Vietnam.1946: Women allowed to stand for election in Myanmar.1947: Bulgaria, Malta, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and Argentina extend suffrage to women.1947: Japan extends suffrage, but still retains some restrictions.1947: Mexico grants the vote to women at the municipal level.1948: Israel, Iraq, Korea, Niger, and Surinam adopt woman suffrage.1948: Belgium, which previously granted the vote to women, establishes suffrage with a few re strictions for women. 1949: Bosnia and Herzegovina grant woman suffrage.1949: China and Costa Rica give women the vote.1949: Women gain full suffrage in Chile but most vote separately from men.1949: Syrian Arab Republic gives the vote to women.1949/1950: India grants woman suffrage. 1950-1959 1950: Haiti and Barbados adopt woman suffrage.1950: Canada grants full suffrage, extending the vote to some women (and men) previously not included, still excluding Native women.1951: Antigua, Nepal, and Grenada give women the vote.1952: Covenant on Political Rights of Women enacted by the United Nations, calling for womens right to vote and right to stand for elections.  1952: Greece, Lebanon, and Bolivia (with restrictions) extend suffrage to women.1953: Mexico grants women the right to stand for election. and to vote in national elections.1953: Hungary and Guyana give voting rights to women.1953: Bhutan and the Syrian Arab Republic establish full woman suffrage.1954: Ghana, Colombia, and Belize grant woman suffrage.1955: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Peru, Honduras, and Nicaragua adopt woman suffrage.1956: Women given suffrage in Egypt, Somalia, Comoros, Mauritius, Mali, and Benin.1956: Pakistani women gain the right to vote in national elections.1957: Malaysia extends suffrage to women.1 957: Zimbabwe grants women the vote. 1959: Madagascar and Tanzania give suffrage to women.1959: San Marino permits women to vote. 1960-1969 1960: Women of Cyprus, Gambia, and Tonga get suffrage.1960: Canadian women win full rights to stand for election, as Native women are also included.1961: Burundi, Malawy, Paraguay, Rwanda and Sierra Leone adopt woman suffrage.1961: Women in the Bahamas gain suffrage, with limits.1961: Women in El Salvador are permitted to stand for election.1962: Algeria, Monaco, Uganda, and Zambia adopts woman suffrage.1962: Australia adopts full woman suffrage (a few restrictions remain).1963: Women in Morocco, Congo, the  Islamic Republic of Iran  and Kenya gain suffrage.1964: Sudan adopts woman suffrage.1964: The Bahamas adopts full suffrage with restrictions.1965: Women gain full suffrage in Afghanistan, Botswana, and Lesotho.1967: Ecuador adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1968: Full woman suffrage adopted in Swaziland. 1970-1979 1970: Yemen adopts full suffrage.1970: Andorra permits women to vote.1971: Switzerland adopts woman suffrage, and the United States lowers the voting age for both men and women to eighteen by a Constitutional amendment.1972: Bangladesh grants woman suffrage.1973: Full suffrage granted to women in Bahrain.1973: Women permitted to stand for election in Andorra and San Marino.1974: Jordan and the Solomon Islands extend suffrage to women.1975: Angola,  Cape Verde, and Mozambique give suffrage to women.1976: Portugal adopts full woman suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: The Republic of Moldova adopts full suffrage with a few restrictions.1978: Women in Zimbabwe are able to stand for election.1979: Women in the Marshall Islands and Micronesia gain full suffrage rights. 1980-1989 1980: Iran gives women the vote.1984: Full suffrage granted to women of Liechtenstein.1984: In South Africa, voting rights are extended to Coloureds and Indians.1986: Central African Republic adopts woman suffrage. 1990-1999 1990: Samoan women gain full suffrage.1994: Kazakhstan grants women full suffrage.1994: Black women gain full suffrage in South Africa. 2000- 2005: Kuwaiti Parliament grants women of Kuwait full suffrage.

Research Paper on San Diego County CAFR Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

On San Diego County CAFR - Research Paper Example The city functions under and is administrated by the State of California’s laws and its own Charter, as periodically modified since its acceptance by the electorate in 1931 (CAFR 24). The weather of San Diego County is portrayed by mild winters with most of the annual rainfall between November to March and warm and dry summers. It is known for its natural deep water harbor, long relationship with the U.S. navy, mild year-round climate, extensive beaches, and latest emergence as a biotechnology and healthcare development center. Most people who visit the county head to the wild animal park, San Diego zoo, sea world or Lego land. The national, regional and international economic condition has badly affected San Diego County’s City services and revenue. It has also exaggerated the health of the business community. In this tough economic environment, the City of San Diego has effectively balanced its annual budget and also implemented them on time i.e. by June 30 each year. This paper will provide an analysis of the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (CAFR) of San Diego County and the city also meet the Governmental Accounting Standard Board (GASB) 34 requirements because the Comprehensive Annual Financial Report has been prepared in conformance with the standards and principles for reporting as set forth by GASB 34. Governmental Accounting Standard Board (GASB) With the implementation of the GASB 34, the financial reporting model for local and state governments has been changed. The financial statements under GASB 34 must include: Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A); Government wide Statements involving Statement of Activities; Statement of Net Assets; Fund Statements; Notes to Financial Statements and Required Supplementary Information which includes the budgetary comparison. The CAFR of San Diego County meets the GASB 34 requirements as it is prepared in conformance with the standards and principles for reporting as required in GASB 34. Th e CAFR of the City also contains MD&A, Statement of Net Assets; Statement of Activities; Fund Statements; Notes to Financial Statements and Required Supplementary Information which includes the budgetary comparison of General Funds. The objective of the City’s CAFR is to provide with the financial statement which is of material misstatement. It maintains the accuracy of data; and fairness and completeness of the presentation. In addition, the City is keeping on to progress a complete internal control over the framework of financial reporting to ascertain satisfactory management of taxpayer funds (CAFR 22). According to GASB 34 and 51, in the government wide statements; all major assets are capitalized by the City of San Diego. Capital assets of both proprietary and governmental funds are utilized at the government wide level and proprietary assets are accounted at the fund level (CAFR 41). 2011 2010 With the execution of GASB 54, there was a considerable reclassification betw een Unrestricted and Restricted Net Assets. Restricted Net Assets resulted in an increase of $949,227 i.e. by $376,845 and Unrestricted Net Assets goes down by $394,573 (CAFR 36). The statistical section provides information as required by GASB 44. In addition to the financial sta

Quoting & Paraphrasing (df4) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quoting & Paraphrasing (df4) - Essay Example rucial, such as when ‘giving added emphasis to a particularly authoritative source on your topic’ (Quotations, 2010), analyzing other people’s language use and in enriching one’s prose. Moreover, valuable guidelines on how to set up and follow up quotations are expounded upon in this rich text, as well as how to best embed a quotation to a sentence. Other important aspects of quotation such as how much one ought to quote, word change possibilities in quotations, indicating quotations within quotations, the use of punctuation during quotation, and so on, are also given special mention in the text. The second article, Paraphrasing (2008) talks about how to avoid plagiarism through the art of paraphrasing. The author advises that the easiest way to avoid plagiarism when performing a research is by using multiple sources of information regarding the topic. However, on occasions when one has only one source to research from, more caution should be observed when paraphrasing, and quoting. According to the piece, paraphrasing entails putting a text’s ideas into one’s own words. However, simply replacing the original words with synonyms can still amount to plagiarism. The article thus offers two brilliant ways on how to paraphrase texts; reading the original text then writing the ideas therein in one’s own words, and, secondly, breaking down passages into component (kernel) ideas/ sentences. The two articles provide rich information for aspiring writers on how they can best borrow ideas from other sources, in attempts to cement their original arguments, without committing the foul of plagiarism. In addition, the articles are essential in aiding writers retain a good flow to their writing, even as they seek to enrich their texts with a myriad of useful information and perspectives concerning an argument or research

Responsible Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Management - Essay Example It is important for every organization to consider the social, economic and environmental systems in which it is operating. In the long-run it is the corporations that develop a long-term vision for their business along with fulfilling their responsibilities towards the society which are able to sustain their development in the economy (Albareda, 2008; Crane et al., 2008). Due consideration of the environment in which the organization is operating will help to ensure that all the functions of the organization are conducted in the right perspective and in an ethical manner. When an organization accepts its involvement in controlling the economic resources of the society, the management will automatically be accountable to the society about the assets used. This level of accountability needs to be conducted on fair grounds and in a sincere manner by the organization. Even in cases where the organization faces losses, it should still maintain its accountability and not indulge in any false practices or excuses. In order to help managements fulfill their social responsibilities several models have been proposed and one such concept is the ‘Triple Bottom Line’ (TBL) (Park & Stoel, 2005). The introduction of this concept acted as a vehicle for proper and clear reporting of the corporation’s environmental, economic and social performance (Ketola, 2009). Performances related to the environment and social concerns can be monitored with the help of this concept. TBL has grown in popularity as it assists an organization in determining the extent to which it is successfully meeting its responsibilities towards the community. The concept of TBL has given a direction to the management in developing the goals and objectives of the organization according to its business environment. By following the guidelines specified in the

Love Is Inclusive Of Everything Philosophy Essay

Love Is Inclusive Of Everything Philosophy Essay Love is a kind of thing that can inclusive everything. When we born in this world, love are already belongs with us. Eros, Philia, Storge, Agape which are the four types of love that we can experience in different stages in our life. Love needs two parties to proceed to bring out the valuable and we can learn things in love which is invisibility. Of course, love is wonderful things when it happens, that because it can be inclusive all the bad things even can retrieve or help people. Therefore, I will use the movie The Miracle Box to be the case study to explore those questions. Actually, the movie is reorganizing by a real story which is happen in SARS period. It is a story about Doctor Tse and her husband that how their love affecting people. The four types of love are shown in the movie and it also bring up the other questions are- Is it ring equal to commitment? How important of commitment is? How does agape include Eros, Storge and Philia? Then, I will discuss those things in the following essay. Eros is the relationship of lovers. They can find the different values on each others. They must be contains the unique characteristics or get something similar that to attract the others. It must be contain one of the features of love that may be uniqueness and irreplaceability. In the movie of The miracle Box, except for their religion background, actually it is a kind of factors that can let two persons get together easily. But except for this, the uniqueness is the important elements that for all people. Because every person has their own values, they all have the different intension, self-cultivation; every one got the different background of growth too. Every experience can be changed the mind of a person to be optimistic or pessimistic. That can be affected to the result that people had the good feeling in the first sight. Just like the movie, Doctor Tse and Albert which is her husband, they both had the uniqueness to attract others. As the movie said, Albert thinks that Docto r Tse had a beautiful smile that to let him feels nice and warm. Although physical elements are the first impression for the people to attract in the first sight, however, the spiritual element is the most important that for people to communicate. That may be easy to have similar values, behavior, and thought that have the similar topics to let their distance become closer. In a love relationship, believe is an important elements too. If two persons do not trust each others, this relationship will become no meanings. Trust is a connective thing in hearts with the lovers; it brings the lovely feelings in the relationship. As the movie, Doctor Tse needs to have an internship and leave Hong Kong for few months, because of the distance, they can not see each others for a long time, and this is a challenge for the lovers. Distance, would be one of the fatal of love, because Love cannot get rid of touch. In psychological view, Physical Touch is a love language that parent will touch us as a love expression when we are child. As we had the long period of educated that physical touch is important for people that can be a kind of connective activities for lovers. Because it can be increase the feelings to both persons, if lovers really far away from the others, physical touch cannot bring the function into full play, the optimistic of love will be weaken. Theref ore, it will be a big challenge to the lovers which have a long distance relationship. Love really can inclusive everything? Not many people can do that, maybe Doctor Tse and her husband only is the small number. Many people cannot stride this step to give up the relationship. Actually, love can be a kind of power that to defeat everything, just like Doctor Tse and her husband, although they had lots of difficulties that are hard to overcome, but they thrust that we can tide over, then its become true. It does bring the other topic which is persisting. On the other hands, in the movie mention that rings cannot easy to buy it, because rings have a valuable meaning which is commitment. Is that love equal to commitment? True Love includes the sense of responsibilities, and it is a long term commitment. As rings are the symbol of marriage, it also means the long term responsibilities. That is a heavy meanings with someone that you want to stay with her or him forever. However, in nowadays, rings become simple things in the teenage. They might not think that it is a valuable item with heavy meanings. As we can see on the street or just friends which we know, they actually got a couple rings for each other, they might think that rings are the symbol of couples, but they forgot that is the commitment as the meanings of rings. Therefore, when the scenes of movie remain us the meanings of rings, love needs promises, but at the same time, how many people know that or understand that? Because of the culture of the world become more open, comm itment is not a serious thing already. Just like Doctor Tse and her husband Albert got the original love which is touching enough and let us thinks of this question which is the meanings of rings and commitment. Love can be simple, with no spectacular scale but can feel warm with it. The real love story between Doctor Tse and her husband Albert let me rethink that how many people can experience the original love in nowadays because love also become simple in nowadays society, people might not be jealous of the relationships. Therefore, the movie was very touching that still have someone willing to wait for each other although someone is illness. Its back to the original topic that love can contain everything. Except for the Eros love, Storge which mean parent or family love also can shown in the movie and it brings a lot of discussion in this topic. Storge also is a kind of love which we have when we born in the world, maybe it is the first things we experienced how to love. Storge is the sort of love that you feel for someone who has been a part of your life for a long time, and if they go away, you miss them far more than you ever thought you would. Only parent can let you got that feelings that cannot be replace. However, I think some of the points of Eros can be similar with Storge. When lovers get married to become couples, some of the elements of Eros will transfer to Storge that it cannot be replaced. Because the partners become parents already, he or she will stay with you until death. Marriage is an amazing thing to let couples have the feelings of lovers and being parents. We can also experience it through the movie, or they can observe from family, it may also have this situati on. Or maybe marriage is just a process of Eros became Storge. I think it is a circulation of love which we experience in our life. The third love which we also include in our life is Agape which means god love. It is a wonderful love that people can get much power from this. This kind of love, really can inclusive everything? God Love is not easy to feel it, but when we face the danger, we can felt that this love is all around us, people are easy to show this love to help people who have danger. As we can see in the movie, actually it is mainly focus on the Agape, because the story of the miracle box, except for the love story between Doctor Tse and her husband, it is talking about how greatness of Doctor Tse is in the SARS period. Doctor Tse sacrifices herself to cure many people and lose her life. Except for this situation, Agape also develop in the relationship of Doctor Tse and Albert. It might be one of the reasons that they both have the religion background to let god love become more reasonable in the relationship. However, I think Doctor Tse willing to stay besides with her husband that he got cancer; it s show love can be inclusive the bad things. Just love the Bible in chapter 13 Love is patient, love is kind In the view of god, love must include everything like Eros and Storge; in the movie also shown this messages to us. Eros and Agape can find a proper unity in the one reality of love.' As the case of Doctor Tse, it can really prove that Agape can contain Eros, just because Agape is a universal Eros . SARS period let people rethink of love, this action also affected how the people think. Perhaps SARS in related to the people in Hong Kong, all people would like to concern the incident of this. The action of Doctor Tse influenced many people that let the love separate to many people, let Agape developed its functions, let more people can feel it and step through from the difficulties. And love can influenced people easily, since they both facing the big difficulties. Agape is inherent that we can through many ways to support it. Actually, in this few years was occurring lots of things, and in those incidents, we can experienced the power of Agape. For example 823 Philippine killed Hong Kong tourists, Szechwan earthquake, because of those incidents people show their concern and support to the victims. In the cases of 823 incidents, one of the victim Tsang facing the danger, but she make the right decision that bring the other boy to leave the bus, it is because of love, she thinks th at if she has the ability to rescue one more people, then she did it. In this case, it shows that then we facing the danger, we can develop the power that is come from instinct. Love really is the power that can change many things. On the other hands, the other case of Szechwan earthquake, in this incident it also brings much messages for the people that concern or love can be the motive power besides to those victims. Although, those victims experienced lots of pain, like physical or psychological which they lose their parents, but they still need to continues their life, so love is already become the necessary thing for those victims to cheer up, that what the function of love is. As the main theme of this essay is want to is that live can really inclusive everything, it must be a question that for us to think about it. However, I think love is inclusive things must be base on the people with what experience. If all people think that or all they have the same feeling of love, it would not be able to occur some tragedy by human, the world will not have terrorist and become a wonderful world. Except for the extreme examples, loves really can inclusive most kinds of things which seem to be the movie said. Therefore, many people have this love inside their mind even the heart actually, although they will not express it in every moment, but we know that love are always belongs with us and it is the most greatness thing. (2038words)

The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath Essay -- society, gender stereotype

Literature is the superlative resource when one is attempting to comprehend or fathom how society has transformed over the centuries. Many written works—whether fictional or nonfictional—express the views of gender roles and societies’ expectations. Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is an exemplary novel that explores these issues. Ester Greenwood was portrayed the superficial and oppressive values of the mid-twentieth century American society through her experiences of gender inequalities and social conformities. Plath’s own life was correspondingly mirrored in this novel; which in turn left the reader aware of the issues in her time period. At the conclusion of The Bell Jar, the audience realizes that she was pushed to completely conform to society. During the nineteenth century, gender roles were outrageously strict. Linda Brannon, a Doctorate Professor of Psychology at McNeese State University, states â€Å"a gender stereotype consists of beliefs about the psychological traits and characteristics of, as well as the activities appropriate to, men or women† (160). These stereotypes were supposed to be adhered to sternly. Obviously, the stereotypes for men and women were polar opposites. This patriarchal society viewed the male as the head of the household. They were expected to be the workers in the family. Men were expected to be powerful, brave, worldly, rational, independent, and sexual. Joletha Cobb, a minister and an NCCA licensed clinical pastoral counselor, explained the expectations of genders in accordance with past centuries with an emphasis on the bible. Women â€Å"were expected to bear children, stay home, cook and clean, and take care of the children† (Cobb 29). They were expected to be weak, timid, domestic, emotional,... ...her writing career. The Bell Jar was an exceptional novel that can be used to view the ideas of gender roles. Ester, who despised marriage and focused on education, went through multiple events that pushed her to subvert and conform to society’s expectations. Women’s literature—such as this work—of the nineteenth century provided confirmation of society’s emphasis on â€Å"The Cult of Womanhood and Domesticity†. Plath’s life mirrors Ester’s and ultimately brought awareness to the oppression of women. References Brannon, Linda. Gender: Psychological Perspectives. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson/Allyn And Bacon, 2005. Print. Cobb, Joletha. Women: Who You Are in Christ. Durham: Joletha Cobb, 2006. Print. Hogeland, Ronald W. Women and Womanhood in America. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1973. Print. Plath, Sylvia. The Bell Jar. New York: Harperperennial, 2006. Print.

Restatement of Financials

Form 10-Q is lied quarterly by a company and Form 8-K contains current reports that disclose specific events. If a company is audited and weaknesses are found, restatements to these statements may be necessary. In the case of USA Mobility, auditors did identify some areas that warranted a restatement while conducting and audit in the first quarter of 2013 the company's financial statements for the 2012 reporting year.USA Mobility Audit Committee determined through the audit performed that a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting and disclosure was identified within Amoco Software Incorporated that is owned and operated by USA Mobility. Amoco Software was acquired by USA Mobility on March 2, 2011. The auditors revealed Mammon's procedures in place for revenue recognition were poorly designed and did not allow for proper internal controls to be utilized. Revenue was being recognized by the company during quarters when it should not have been recognized.Upon this finding, USA Mobility had to determine the correct timeshare to recognize revenue for its software segment. Prior to the audit, the revenue for software operations was being recognized by using the residual method and the company would recognize revenue for software licenses upon completion of services. The company deemed services complete when the product was available for use by the customer. In addition, the company offered services after installations were completed for up to 90 days. Since the company offers post-install services, revenue recognition should be delayed until after that period expires.This determination was made when reviewing audit findings to erect prior reported revenue. The reported periods affected by this finding were the first three quarters of 2011. USA Mobility issued a press release which contained notification of the restatements for the first three quarters of 2011 and the late filing of the 2011 annual report for the company. Specifically, the compa ny addressed the changes to the financial statements in a press release. The main changes made to the financial statements affected software revenue and total revenue for the company.In the first quarter of 011 , the software segment revenue was adjusted from $4,799,000. 00 down to $2,146,000. 00. That is a decrease of 55%. In the second quarter, the software segment revenue was adjusted from down to $9,435,000. 00. That is a decrease of 28%. In the third quarter, the software segment revenue was adjusted from down to $11,191 ,OHO. O. That a decrease of 13%. USA Mobility also reported adjustments caused by the restatement to its total revenue for 2011. The first quarter revenue of $57,335,000. 00 was decreased by five percent because of the restatement.The second quarter revenue of $65,171 ,OHO. O was decreased by six percent and the third quarter revenue of $61 was decreased by three percent. The collective revenue of $242,907,000. 00 for 2011 was decreased by four percent as a res ult of the company's restatement. USA Mobility balance sheet also had to be adjusted. Deferred revenue was affected during each quarter during 2011. Each quarter showed a higher deferred revenue amount as a result of the correct method the company was using to recognize revenue to remain in compliance.The overall effects of the restatement were limited to the software segment of the company. In turn, these changes also affected the overall revenue numbers and the way the company reports deferred revenue for future purposes. The reduction in revenue did not have a negative impact on stockholders' earnings. The price of stock per share has remained steady prior to and since the announcement. USA Mobility did publish a press release to inform all parties with an interest about measures the company has taken to rectify the situation and will continue to use to remain in compliance for future audits.

Free Essays on Holocaust And Art Speigalmen

So many things happen throughout the Holocaust that many believe that it’s not true or just don’t even know what had happened. So many contradicting issues arose after the Holocaust concerning certain events that happened but were not documented, certain writers had different ideas to present, and certain things that the United States did, or did not do, during the years of the Holocaust. Art Spiegelman, an author, born in 1948 in Stockholm, Sweden, shortly after the end of the World War II. His parents, Vladek and Anja, were two of the few that were saved from the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. As an adult, he wanted to hear his father’s story and make it into a book. It took Art many visits with his father to get the complete story. Art turned his book about his father’s life in the Holocaust into a comic book, using mice to represent the Jews and cats to represent the Nazis. This book, â€Å"Maus† (mouse in German), took 13 years to create and finish. When â€Å"Maus† hit the book stores, many people had mixed feelings about a book that told the story of one man’s life through the Holocaust in the form of a comic. Many people were appalled and disgusted that someone could make something as serious as the Holocaust into a cartoon. However, many critics raved about â€Å"Maus.† The New York Times said it’s à ¢â‚¬Å"a remarkable feat of documentary detail and novelistic vividness†¦.and unfolding literary event.† The Boston Globe said, â€Å"A brutally moving work of art.† â€Å"A remarkable work, awesome in its conception and execution†¦at one and the same time a novel, a documentary, a memoir, and a comic book. Brilliant, just brilliant,† said Jules Feiffer, Cartoonist, novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. â€Å"Maus† is just an indescribable work of art. It’s touching, moving, and intensely inspiring. Art Spiegelman not only tells the story of his father’s life, but he draws you in and brings you into ... Free Essays on Holocaust And Art Speigalmen Free Essays on Holocaust And Art Speigalmen So many things happen throughout the Holocaust that many believe that it’s not true or just don’t even know what had happened. So many contradicting issues arose after the Holocaust concerning certain events that happened but were not documented, certain writers had different ideas to present, and certain things that the United States did, or did not do, during the years of the Holocaust. Art Spiegelman, an author, born in 1948 in Stockholm, Sweden, shortly after the end of the World War II. His parents, Vladek and Anja, were two of the few that were saved from the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. As an adult, he wanted to hear his father’s story and make it into a book. It took Art many visits with his father to get the complete story. Art turned his book about his father’s life in the Holocaust into a comic book, using mice to represent the Jews and cats to represent the Nazis. This book, â€Å"Maus† (mouse in German), took 13 years to create and finish. When â€Å"Maus† hit the book stores, many people had mixed feelings about a book that told the story of one man’s life through the Holocaust in the form of a comic. Many people were appalled and disgusted that someone could make something as serious as the Holocaust into a cartoon. However, many critics raved about â€Å"Maus.† The New York Times said it’s à ¢â‚¬Å"a remarkable feat of documentary detail and novelistic vividness†¦.and unfolding literary event.† The Boston Globe said, â€Å"A brutally moving work of art.† â€Å"A remarkable work, awesome in its conception and execution†¦at one and the same time a novel, a documentary, a memoir, and a comic book. Brilliant, just brilliant,† said Jules Feiffer, Cartoonist, novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. â€Å"Maus† is just an indescribable work of art. It’s touching, moving, and intensely inspiring. Art Spiegelman not only tells the story of his father’s life, but he draws you in and brings you into ...

Westerns and social commentary

Westerns and social commentary Throughout history Americans have had a fascination with unexplored, uncharted, anduntamed territory. Never has this been so pronounced as with the American west.Stories of bravery, new peoples, cultures, and strange new lands have enchantedAmericans for nearly two centuries. This attraction is strikingly prominent in the filmhistory of the west. Yet, despite it's early and lasting popularity, the Western has notuntil recent years attracted the attention of interpretive critics. Many critics viewedWesterns as an escapist, immature medium. "Discussions of Westerns characterized thegenre as endlessly repetitive, utterly simple in form, and naive in its attitudes (Cook 64) ."However, since the late 1960's Westerns have been recognized, "similar to other forms ofpopular culture, as a useful barometer of shifting currents in American society andculture (Etulain 3)." The development of the western film genre in American film culturehas progressed in manner, style, and ideology, and can be tracked in association with thepolitical, societal, and cultural trends of the last 90 years.View of Hollywood and Los Angeles from Griffith Pa...The first westerns were the same as many other first films, merely scientificrecordings of actual events such as wild west shows and rodeos. The first Western withany content was The Great Train Robbery (1903). While still very primitive it gave much ofthe stock form to westerns that exists today."It established the essential formula of crime, pursuit, showdown, and justice,and within its ten minute running span it included, in addition to the trainrobbery itself, elements of fisticuffs, horseback pursuit and gunplay, along withsuggestions of small child appeal, and probably the first introduction of that clichÂÆ'Â ©to be, the saloon bullies forcing a dude into a dance (Everson 15)."As train robberies and similar crimes were not uncommon in the early nineteen hundredsThe Great...

Reflection can mean all things to all people' (Smyth, 1992). What Essay

Reflection can mean all things to all people' (Smyth, 1992). What should reflective practice mean to team leaders in educational services - Essay Example As a result, it is absolutely necessary for these students to be careful in the way they look at their practice. As Larriveea (2009) says, reflective practice has become the de facto method for improving work and it has been used in almost all fields of works from medicine to education. Education leaders and teachers must also be able to use reflective practice as a way to help in improving their work. The principle behind reflective practice is the fact that it is expected to help the worker to pull form his or her work and to think about her works. This then helps he person to be able to improve the way they do work. Reflective practice is also expected to help a person to solve difficult problems that may arise from his day to day work. Leaders in education can use reflective proactive as a way to improve the way teachers are able to help the students to learn. Reflective practice for educational leaders is especially useful in dealing with situations where the teacher may be having problems with one or more students such as student who for one reason or the other is unable to keep up with the rest of the class (Danielson, 2009). Reflective practice is seen to combine some of the best qualities of leadership such as initiative, knowledge, trustworthiness, and action. Reflective practice helps the person to be proactive and to be initiative whenever faced with a dilemma. In education, teachers and educational leaders are faced with constant problems that have predetermined solution. For instance, a teacher may find himself in a situation where the procedures laid out in the curriculum may not be applicable. In such a situation, the teacher may be the one taking the initiative to deal with situation. Additionally, the teacher will need to have knowledge that will help them develop a solution for a certain problem. However, eve as the teacher is being proactive and

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry Essay - 4

The Gender Roles And Working Culture In The Nursing Industry - Essay Example Workplace culture and gender roles have been changing very radically in the past few decades. For instance, workplace roles traditionally associated with men or those ascribed to females have seen a shift in acceptance of the opposite gender. More women are taking up roles that were traditionally reserved for men (Mills, 2002). At the same time, men are also venturing into career lines that were assumed best suited for women. For instance, nursing was for a long time considered the preserve of women. Recently, more men have taken up nursing as a profession and can be found in many health facilities across the world (Cross & Baglihole, 2002). Meanwhile, it is not always easy for men to venture in professions culturally considered the preserve of women such as nursing. This essay explores the gender roles and working culture in the nursing industry with regards to sharing of roles among male and female nurses. The traditional nursing industry has been stereotyped in favour of women. Un known to many quarters, this was not always the case. In fact, the domination of women in the nursing profession only began to emerge in the 1800s with largely unskilled female nurses providing the essential medical services. As early as 250 B.C. E nursing schools existed but admitted only men for training (Thompson, 2014). The oldest documented nursing school is believed to have been set up in India, which also recruited male students to care for the sick. In continental Europe, nursing services were provided by Christian organizations such as churches. For instance, when the Bubonic plague broke out in Europe, church organizations took over the role of caring for the sick and disposing of the dead. The Benedictine Nursing Order established by St. Benedict, as well as the Knights Hospitallers, are some of the earliest nursing institutions.

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Final - Essay Example The word antique has been outlined by the poet to differentiate between those who don’t believe and those who believe (Dickson, 2591). The bible for example has been utilized to alienate the non believers and the believers. The deeply held conviction among the believers is seen not to have any bearings. The believers who are less in numbers are trying to find God by finding out that relationship that existed between him and the people who lived long time ago as presented by the bible. The poet acknowledges that those looking for God’s guidance through the bible posses a relationship that is second hand to the loving and deeply personal God. Many of the boys who don’t believe tend to reject God because they believe that he is impersonal and outdated. She claims that the problem lies with the type of presentation that exists. The use of the word warble is however interesting. Calling song bird images to mind is a subtle nod aimed at bringing out her confidence in connection to the almighty God. She asserts that the people should be used to condemn people but has to lead them toward improving their relationships with the almighty God. She utilizes the poem in educating the youths and young men to seek God through studying the bible. She also advices preachers to avoid condemning the young men through use the bible. She uses the word; it didn’t condemn referring to the bible as the word of God (Dickson, 2591). Emily Dickson is seen to support the pagan and to criticize and make a mockery of God in most of her poems. The antireligious tone in most of her poems has been avoided in literature studies to paint a better picture to the society. The poet has used the bible as a mean of ensuring her message is able to reach the people. The term boys are symbolic and have been used to refer the many the people in the world. Dickson is easily appreciated and

Investigating Basic Circuits Essay Example for Free

Investigating Basic Circuits Essay Introduction What is an electrical circuit? How can you manipulate components and design a circuit that will do what you want it to? This guided activity will introduce you to some components, tools, and concepts that are fundamental in electronics. It will allow you to investigate and discover: What are voltage, current, and resistance? How are they related to one another? What are some of the basic components that make up simple circuits and what do they do? What are the important characteristics of a circuit and how do I measure different parts of a circuit? How do I measure voltage in a circuit? How does the arrangement of components affect the characteristics of the circuit? How do I work safely with circuits? How can I use calculations to design circuits before I start creating one? Equipment Digital Logic Board (DLB) or breadboard (2) Light emitting diodes (LEDs) (2) 330 Ohm resistors (orange/orange/brown/gold or silver) Digital multimeter (DMM) #22 Gauge solid wire Procedure Follow the instructions to create different types of circuits. As you create each circuit, you will be asked to make measurements and record observations to gain understanding about the circuit and its components. Let us begin by investigating two components that are commonly used in circuits. They are resistors and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Part A: Creating a Circuit and Measuring a Circuit’s Properties 1. A Simple Circuit Arrange the components according to the picture shown. You will need to plug the USB cable from the myDAQ into your computer to provide power to the Protoboard. Notice that the LED has a flat notch on one side. Make sure the notch is  initially oriented on the bottom as shown in the picture. In this arrangement, the flow of conventional current is from the top (5V) to the bottom (0V) through the resistor and the LED. What do you think the role is of the resistor in this circuit? (1a) Components on a Breadboard (1b) Circuit Diagram In a circuit, the flow of conventonal current can be described as a positive charge moving through a complete circuit path (VCC to GND). Can you trace the flow of conventional current in both of the above pictures? 2. With the LED illuminated, flip the direction of the LED on the breadboard (notch on top now), and then flip it back to its original position (notch on bottom). What does your observation tell you about diodes (and LEDs)? 3. Using the DMM to Measure Values Making sure that the RED lead is plugged into (V) and the black lead is plugged into (COM) on the Digital Multi-Meter (DMM), turn the DMM on to direct current voltage range 0-600V or first click (see 3a). Place the RED DMM lead on the top of the resistor, and the black lead on the bottom of the LED. Note the reading on the DMM. Now switch the DMM leads. (3a) Digital Multimeter DMM(3b) Reading voltage across the resistor and LED What did you notice about the value on the DMM when you switched the leads? 4. Now place the DMM leads across the circuit as you did initially in picture (3b) and turn the DMM to the next smallest voltage range (0-200V). You may need a classmate to help you. Note the value on the DMM and then turn one more click to the next smallest ranges (0-20V). What is happening on the display with each click, as the range you are measuring gets smaller and smaller? 5. Turn one last click of the DMM to read the range (0-2V). What happened and why? What was the most accurate measurement were you able to make of the voltage across the resistor and LED? 6. Set the DMM to the range that will give you the most accurate voltage  measurement and touch the lead across the two ends of the red wire. Note the reading on the DMM. Now touch the leads across the two ends of the black wire. Note the reading. (6a) (6b) Voltage (ΔV=Vf-Vi) is a description of a components potential to do work. (1 volt means the component could do 1 joule of work for every coulomb of charge that passes though it (1V= 1J/1C). In order for a component to do work, there must be a difference in the potential across the component to do work (often called a potential difference). Why do you think the reading was the same for both of these sections of the circuit? What you have just observed is exactly why birds can land on high power lines unharmed. 7. In Step 3 you measured the voltage across the resistor and the LED combined. Now touch the leads across both ends of the resistor. Note the reading on the DMM. (a) Voltage across LED and Resistor (b) Voltage across Resistor Only Can you guess the reading you will see when you touch the DMM leads across the LED only? Were you correct? Why did you guess that value? 8. You might be asking why we need a resistor in this circuit. Is it doing any work? Some components have limitations on how much electrical current can pass through them or how much voltage they should have across them. We can calculate the relationships between Voltage, Current, and Resistance for a component using Ohm’ Law (V=IR). Let’s assume the voltage you saw across the 330â„ ¦ resistor was roughly 3V when the circuit was active. What is the conventional current (measured in Amps) traveling through the resistor according to Ohm’s Law? In this arrangement, the electrical current has only one path through the components (top to bottom in the picture). These components can be described as being in series with each other. The amount of current flowing through an LED must each be equal in the same path. Warning: Do not attempt to verify the current in the circuit at this time using the DMM. While the DMM can  handle this amount of current, you must learn how to use the ammeter portion of the DMM properly to protect it from blowing a fuse. Shorting voltage sources is dangerous and can damage the DMM. Part B: Series and Parallel Circuits 9. These two identical 330â„ ¦ resistors are in series with each other. There is only one path through the circuit from the power source to the ground. In this diagram, the power source is a 9V battery. One end of the battery has 9V of potential to do work (positive terminal-top). The other end of the battery has zero potential to do work (negative terminal/ground-bottom). (a) Based on your observations, what would you expect the voltage read if you touched the DMM across both R1 and R2? (b) Due to the fact that R1 and R2 are identical, what would you guess is the voltage across each resistor is individually? Why? (c) We can actually replace these two resistors with one resistor that would have the same impact on the circuit. (This theoretical resistor is called an equivalent resistor). What would the value of this equivalent resistor have to be in Ohms (â„ ¦)? 10. Create this series circuit on your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, remove one of the LEDs from the circuit path. What happened and why? 11. You can try 3 LEDs in series but none will light up. Why do you think that is? 12. Components in a circuit can also be arranged in parallel. Create this parallel circuit on your breadboard. With both LEDs illuminated, what happens if you remove one of the LEDS from the circuit path? 13. Using the diagram shown to you in Step 9 for series circuit as a reference, can you draw a circuit diagram showing 2 resistors in parallel?  (Draw circuit below) 14. In a series circuit all component have the same current (Amps) flowing them (even if the resistors have different values. That is not the case for components in parallel with each other. What do components in parallel share in common? 15. Based on your observations and what you have learned about parallel circuits, use Ohm’s Law (V=IR) to calculate the current in each of the 3 resistors? Imagine you add more two more resistors (R4 and R5) in parallel. For each new path to the battery you create, what do you think that does to the total amount of current going into and out of the battery? Conclusion 1. Describe the proper way to place the DMM leads and the steps you use to attain the most precise measurement value for voltage across components using a Digital Multimeter (DMM). 2. If the value on the DMM is negative, what does that tell you about the orientation of the DMM leads in relation to the flow of conventional current? 3. LEDs and resistors transfer electrical energy into light and thermal energy. What is an important characteristic about LEDs (and diodes) that make it unique compared to a resistor? 4. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in series with each other. What characteristic do components in a series always share in common? (Voltage, Current, or Resistance) 5. In your own words, describe what it means for components to be in parallel with each other. What characteristic do components in parallel always share in common? (Voltage, Current, or Resistance) Going Further 6. In this investigation you were introduced to the idea of equivalent resistance (replacing multiple resistors in series with one that does the same job. Equivalent resistance for a series circuits can be shown as a simple mathematical expression. How would you express this relationship to the total resistance in the circuit mathematically? 7. A theoretical equivalent resistor can be placed in parallel circuits and shown mathematically as well. This relationship is a little less straight forward than equivalent resistance in series circuits. With a little research, can you determine how the equivalent resistance for this parallel circuit would be expressed mathematically? We will expand our understanding on these concepts in later activities.